Keywords: Prenatal stress; noradrenaline; vas deferens.
The gestational period is a critical for organ development; any disturbance may cause permanent changes. Vas deferens, wich transports sperm from the epididymis in anticipation of ejaculation, is supplied with a dense sympathetic innervation, and stimulation of these nerves results in a biphasic mechanical response followed by a maintained contraction mediated mainly by noradrenaline (NA) acting on α1-adrenoceptors. Previous studies have shown that prenatal stress procedures chronically activate sympathetic nerves activity and lead to polycystic conditions in female rats similar as in human, but no information regarding to stressed males has been published. The aim of this study was to evaluate the adrenal-gonadal function in male offsprings of stressed rats along the gestational period. We used a stress model in pregnant rats that emulate the laboral stress (4°C for 3 h/day, 5 days a week), that trigger the sympathetic response, but does not affect basal plasma levels of corticosterone. We measured NA at 4, 33, 39 and 60 postnatal day that correspond to neonatal, prepuber, puber and adult period. We detected an increase in NA of adrenal glands and vas deferens over that of unstressed mother offsprings that correlates with the sexual development, with a maximum at 39 postnatal day. Also, we detected an increment in the expression of Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-β hydroxylase (DBH) both enzymes related to NA synthesis. These results suggest that chronic prenatal stress produces an alteration in the adrenal-gonadal axis in the offspring of stressed rats,that may modify the reproductive capacity in the adult life. Functional analyses are needed to confirm this conclusions.
miércoles, 16 de junio de 2010
Cover letter 2
Dear Dr Jeffrey D. Blaustein
We are submitting our paper entitled: “Chronic intermittent prenatal stress alters sexual development in male rats” to Endocrinology Journal. The authors of this article are the following Jonathan Martínez, XX and XXN. This manuscript has been read and approved by all authors.
Several studies have shown that alterations in the gestational period, including stress may alter the normal development of a fetus, with impact in the adult life. we propose that prenatal stress may affect the correct function of the reproductive tract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the adrenal-gonadal function of prenatal stressed male rats. Our results suggest that chronic prenatal stress produces an alteration in the adrenal and vas deferens noradrenaline content that may modify the metabolic and reproductive funtion in adult life. This is useful information that should be considered in the public policies of maternal leave or benefit to avoid reproductive problems in our society.
The information of this paper has not been submitted for publication elsewhere, and there is no conflict interest
Sincerely yours
Jonathan Martínez
PhD student at the Pharmaceutical and Chemistry Faculty
University of Chile
56-02-9782981
We are submitting our paper entitled: “Chronic intermittent prenatal stress alters sexual development in male rats” to Endocrinology Journal. The authors of this article are the following Jonathan Martínez, XX and XXN. This manuscript has been read and approved by all authors.
Several studies have shown that alterations in the gestational period, including stress may alter the normal development of a fetus, with impact in the adult life. we propose that prenatal stress may affect the correct function of the reproductive tract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the adrenal-gonadal function of prenatal stressed male rats. Our results suggest that chronic prenatal stress produces an alteration in the adrenal and vas deferens noradrenaline content that may modify the metabolic and reproductive funtion in adult life. This is useful information that should be considered in the public policies of maternal leave or benefit to avoid reproductive problems in our society.
The information of this paper has not been submitted for publication elsewhere, and there is no conflict interest
Sincerely yours
Jonathan Martínez
PhD student at the Pharmaceutical and Chemistry Faculty
University of Chile
56-02-9782981
jueves, 10 de junio de 2010
commentaries about Ken Robinson's talk
I think that the presentation of Sir Ken Robinson touches a sensible point of the educational system. The actual system makes frustrated people when they can’t reach the goals of society. Sadly, we are forgetting that we are more than just a brain, more than just a work position, in the sense that all our efforts are focused to achieve those imposed goals. It’s not the first time that I heard about this topic, but the main problem is: will society accept to change the actual system of education? It would take a revolution to do that. There are some artistic schools in Chile that made changes in the main goal of their education plan: to make artists (musicians, dancers, painters) instead of classical students. Our Chilean society is unequally growing, and we realize it, when we see that the best paid jobs are from some areas of knowledge (engineering, medicine) but art, social sciences and humanist careers are left behind.
Cover Letter
Dear Dr. XXX
We are submitting our paper entitled: “Chronic intermittent prenatal stress alters sexual development in male rats” for review in Written and oral English journal. The authors of this article are the following Jonathan Martínez, XX and XXN. This manuscript has been read and approved by all authors.
Briefly, several reports has shown that any alteration in the gestational period, like stress, endocrine disruptors, smoke or alcohol, can alter the correct development of a fetus, with repercussion in their adult life. Since stress is a common problem of our modern society, we proposed that this type of injury may affect the correct function of the reproductive tract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the adrenal-gonadal function in male offsprings of stressed rats along the gestational period. Our results suggest that chronic prenatal stress produces an alteration in the adrenal-gonadal axis in the offspring of stressed rats, that may modify the reproductive capacity in the adult life. This is a useful information that must be considered in the public politics of maternal leave or benefit to avoid reproductive problems in our society.
The information of this paper has not been submitted for publication elsewhere. I would be pleased to give you any further information that you might request.
Sincerely yours
Jonathan Martínez
PhD student at the Pharmaceutical and Chemistry Faculty
University of Chile
jmartinp@ciq.uchile.cl
56-02-9782981
We are submitting our paper entitled: “Chronic intermittent prenatal stress alters sexual development in male rats” for review in Written and oral English journal. The authors of this article are the following Jonathan Martínez, XX and XXN. This manuscript has been read and approved by all authors.
Briefly, several reports has shown that any alteration in the gestational period, like stress, endocrine disruptors, smoke or alcohol, can alter the correct development of a fetus, with repercussion in their adult life. Since stress is a common problem of our modern society, we proposed that this type of injury may affect the correct function of the reproductive tract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the adrenal-gonadal function in male offsprings of stressed rats along the gestational period. Our results suggest that chronic prenatal stress produces an alteration in the adrenal-gonadal axis in the offspring of stressed rats, that may modify the reproductive capacity in the adult life. This is a useful information that must be considered in the public politics of maternal leave or benefit to avoid reproductive problems in our society.
The information of this paper has not been submitted for publication elsewhere. I would be pleased to give you any further information that you might request.
Sincerely yours
Jonathan Martínez
PhD student at the Pharmaceutical and Chemistry Faculty
University of Chile
jmartinp@ciq.uchile.cl
56-02-9782981
jueves, 13 de mayo de 2010
Draft 3:Chronic intermittent prenatal stress alters sexual development in male rats
Keywords: Prenatal stress; noradrenaline; vas deferens.
The gestational period is a critic period of organ development; any disturbance may cause permanent changes, affecting adulthood, like alterations in brain development and an increased susceptibility to subsequent cognitive or neuropsychiatric disorders. Vas deferens, that transports sperm from the epididymis in anticipation of ejaculation, is supplied with a dense sympathetic innervation, and stimulation of these nerves results in a biphasic mechanical response that consists of an initial rapid twitch, mediated by ATP acting on P2X receptors, followed by a maintained contraction mediated mainly by noradrenaline (NA) acting on α1-adrenoceptors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the adrenal-gonadal function in male offsprings of stressed rats along the gestational period. We used a stress model in pregnant rats that emulate the laboral stress (4°C for 3 h/day, 5 days a week), that trigger the sympathetic response, but does not affect basal plasma levels of corticosterone. We measured NA at 4, 33, 39 and 60 postnatal day that correspond to neonatal, prepuber, puber and adult period. We detected an increase in NA of adrenal glands and vas deferens over that of unstressed mother offsprings that correlates with the sexual development, with a maximum at 39 postnatal day. Also, we detected an increment in the expression of Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-β hydroxylase (DBH) both enzymes related to NA synthesis. These results suggest that chronic prenatal stress produces an alteration in the adrenal-gonadal axis in the male offspring of stressed rats,that may modify the reproductive capacity in their adult life. Functional analyses are needed to confirm this conclusions.
The gestational period is a critic period of organ development; any disturbance may cause permanent changes, affecting adulthood, like alterations in brain development and an increased susceptibility to subsequent cognitive or neuropsychiatric disorders. Vas deferens, that transports sperm from the epididymis in anticipation of ejaculation, is supplied with a dense sympathetic innervation, and stimulation of these nerves results in a biphasic mechanical response that consists of an initial rapid twitch, mediated by ATP acting on P2X receptors, followed by a maintained contraction mediated mainly by noradrenaline (NA) acting on α1-adrenoceptors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the adrenal-gonadal function in male offsprings of stressed rats along the gestational period. We used a stress model in pregnant rats that emulate the laboral stress (4°C for 3 h/day, 5 days a week), that trigger the sympathetic response, but does not affect basal plasma levels of corticosterone. We measured NA at 4, 33, 39 and 60 postnatal day that correspond to neonatal, prepuber, puber and adult period. We detected an increase in NA of adrenal glands and vas deferens over that of unstressed mother offsprings that correlates with the sexual development, with a maximum at 39 postnatal day. Also, we detected an increment in the expression of Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-β hydroxylase (DBH) both enzymes related to NA synthesis. These results suggest that chronic prenatal stress produces an alteration in the adrenal-gonadal axis in the male offspring of stressed rats,that may modify the reproductive capacity in their adult life. Functional analyses are needed to confirm this conclusions.
jueves, 6 de mayo de 2010
Draft2 Chronic intermittent prenatal stress alters sexual development in male rats
Keywords: Prenatal stress; noradrenaline; vas deferens.
Stress is a common problem in our society, but there are not enough information about its effects on the descendants. The gestational period is a critic period of organ development; any disturbance may cause permanent changes, affecting adulthood, like alterations in brain development and an increased susceptibility to subsequent cognitive or neuropsychiatric disorders. Vas deferens, that transports sperm from the epididymis in anticipation of ejaculation, is supplied with a dense sympathetic innervation, and stimulation of these nerves results in a biphasic mechanical response that consists of an initial rapid twitch (mediated by ATP acting on P2X receptors), followed by a maintained contraction mediated mainly by noradrenaline (NA) acting on α1-adrenoceptors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the adrenal-gonadal function in male offsprings of stressed rats along the gestational period. We used a stress model in pregnant rats that emulate the laboral stress (4°C for 3 h/day, five days a week), that trigger the sympathetic response, but does not affect basal plasma levels of corticosterone. We measured NA at 4, 33, 39 and 60 postnatal day that correspond to neonatal, prepuber, puber and adult period. We detected an increase in NA of adrenal glands and vas deferens over that of unstressed mother offsprings that correlates with the sexual development, with a maximum at 39 day. Also, we detected an increment in the expression of Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-β hydroxylase (DBH) both enzymes related to NA synthesis. These results suggest that chronic prenatal stress produces an alteration in the adrenal-gonadal axis in the offspring of stressed rats,that may modify the reproductive capacity in the adult life. Functional analyses are needed to confirm this conclusions.
Stress is a common problem in our society, but there are not enough information about its effects on the descendants. The gestational period is a critic period of organ development; any disturbance may cause permanent changes, affecting adulthood, like alterations in brain development and an increased susceptibility to subsequent cognitive or neuropsychiatric disorders. Vas deferens, that transports sperm from the epididymis in anticipation of ejaculation, is supplied with a dense sympathetic innervation, and stimulation of these nerves results in a biphasic mechanical response that consists of an initial rapid twitch (mediated by ATP acting on P2X receptors), followed by a maintained contraction mediated mainly by noradrenaline (NA) acting on α1-adrenoceptors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the adrenal-gonadal function in male offsprings of stressed rats along the gestational period. We used a stress model in pregnant rats that emulate the laboral stress (4°C for 3 h/day, five days a week), that trigger the sympathetic response, but does not affect basal plasma levels of corticosterone. We measured NA at 4, 33, 39 and 60 postnatal day that correspond to neonatal, prepuber, puber and adult period. We detected an increase in NA of adrenal glands and vas deferens over that of unstressed mother offsprings that correlates with the sexual development, with a maximum at 39 day. Also, we detected an increment in the expression of Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-β hydroxylase (DBH) both enzymes related to NA synthesis. These results suggest that chronic prenatal stress produces an alteration in the adrenal-gonadal axis in the offspring of stressed rats,that may modify the reproductive capacity in the adult life. Functional analyses are needed to confirm this conclusions.
viernes, 30 de abril de 2010
Abstract: Chronic intermittent prenatal stress alters sexual development in male rats
Keywords: Prenatal stress; noradrenaline; vas deferens.
Stress is a common poblem in our society, but there are not enough information about its effect over the descendants. The gestational period is a critical period of organ development; any disturbance may cause permanent changes, visualized in the adult life. For example, exposure to stress during the gestational period alters brain development and may increase susceptibility to subsequent cognitive or neuropsychiatric disorders. The vas deferens, that transport sperm from the epididymis in anticipation of ejaculation, is supplied with a dense sympathetic innervation, and stimulation of the nerves results in a biphasic mechanical response that consists of an initial rapid twitch, followed by a maintained contraction; the first phase of the response is mediated mainly by ATP acting on postjunctional P2X receptors, whereas the second phase is mediated mainly by noradrenaline (NA) acting on α1-adrenoceptors. The objective of this study was to evaluate the adrenal-gonadal function in male offsprings of stressed rats along the gestational period. We used a stress model in pregnant rats that mimic the laboral stress (4°C for 3 h/day, five days a week), that trigger the sympathetic response, but does not affect basal plasma levels of corticosterone. We measured NA at 4, 33, 39 and 60 postnatal day in male offsprings of stressed rats, that correspond to neonatal, prepuber, puber and adult period. We detected an increment in NA of adrenal glands and vas deferens over that of unstressed mother sons that correlates with the sexual development, with a maximum at 39 day. Also, we detected an increment in the expression of Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-β hydroxylase (DBH) both enzymes related to NA synthesis. These results suggest that chronic prenatal stress produces an alteration in the adrenal-gonadal axis in the offspring of stressed rats, that may modify the reproductive capacity in the adult life. Functional analysis are needed to confirm this conclusions.
Stress is a common poblem in our society, but there are not enough information about its effect over the descendants. The gestational period is a critical period of organ development; any disturbance may cause permanent changes, visualized in the adult life. For example, exposure to stress during the gestational period alters brain development and may increase susceptibility to subsequent cognitive or neuropsychiatric disorders. The vas deferens, that transport sperm from the epididymis in anticipation of ejaculation, is supplied with a dense sympathetic innervation, and stimulation of the nerves results in a biphasic mechanical response that consists of an initial rapid twitch, followed by a maintained contraction; the first phase of the response is mediated mainly by ATP acting on postjunctional P2X receptors, whereas the second phase is mediated mainly by noradrenaline (NA) acting on α1-adrenoceptors. The objective of this study was to evaluate the adrenal-gonadal function in male offsprings of stressed rats along the gestational period. We used a stress model in pregnant rats that mimic the laboral stress (4°C for 3 h/day, five days a week), that trigger the sympathetic response, but does not affect basal plasma levels of corticosterone. We measured NA at 4, 33, 39 and 60 postnatal day in male offsprings of stressed rats, that correspond to neonatal, prepuber, puber and adult period. We detected an increment in NA of adrenal glands and vas deferens over that of unstressed mother sons that correlates with the sexual development, with a maximum at 39 day. Also, we detected an increment in the expression of Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-β hydroxylase (DBH) both enzymes related to NA synthesis. These results suggest that chronic prenatal stress produces an alteration in the adrenal-gonadal axis in the offspring of stressed rats, that may modify the reproductive capacity in the adult life. Functional analysis are needed to confirm this conclusions.
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